CURE FOR PARALYSIS ?

    In a new way to help people paralysis by spinal cord injury, US scientists have discovered that there are alternative ways for signals to go from the brain to the limbs for movement.    Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles, have for the first time succeeded in restoring the ability of walking in mice paralysed by spinal cord injuries.    The Researchers says that their discovery could lead to new therapies for people who suffer from similar conditions.    Spinal cord injury involves damage to the nerves enclosed with in the spinal column. Most injuries result from trauma to the backbone.    This affects the brain’s ability to send and receives messages below the injury site to the systems that control breathing, movement and digestion problems.     Patients generally experience greater paralysis when the injury strikes higher in to the spinal column. Until now, doctor believed that the only way for injured patients to walk again is to re-grow the long nerve highways that link the brain and base of the spinal cord. The new study, published in this month’s Nature, shows that the central nervous system can reorganize itself and follow new pathways to restore the cellular communication required for movement.     When the spinal cord damage blocked direct signal from the brain, under certain conditions the messages were able to make detour around the injury. The message would follow a series of shorter connections to deliver the brain’s command to move the legs. Using a mouse model, the scientists blocked half of the long nerve fibers in different places and at different times on each side of the spinal cord. They left untouched the spinal cord’s centre, which contains a connected series of shorter nerve pathways. The latter convey information over short distance up and down the spinal cord. The researchers were excited to see that most of the mice regained the ability to control their legs with eight weeks. The mice started walking more slowly and less confidently than before their injury, but still recovered mobility.     When the researchers blocked the short nerve pathways in the centre of the spinal cord, the regained function disappeared, returning the animal’s paralysis.

    

This step confirmed that the nervous system had rerouted messages from the brain to the spinal cord via the shorter pathways and that these nerve cells were critical to the animal’s recovery.     The researchers said they now hope to figure out how to encourage nerve cells in the spinal cord to grow and form new pathways that connect across or around an injury, permitting the brain to direct these cells and avert paralysis.     

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AL-CO-HOL

Many people consume alcohol everyday in daily life.some are addicted to alcohol some takes it in during festival occation only
or some consume with meal they have. what exegly things you don’t know about alcohol which i think you should know about what
you consume everyday.

1: Every person weather drinks alcohol or not produce alcohol in their body 24 hours every day
from the birth to death.so we alway have alcohol in our bodies.

2: A ‘beer belly’ is caused by eating too much of the food.No beer or other alcohol beverage
is necessary.

3: There is a cloud of alcohol in outer space with enough alcohol to make five trillion-trillion drinks.

4: As late as the mid-17th century,the French wine makers did not use corks. but insted they make use of oil-soaked rags to
produce wine.

5: Bourbon takes its name from Bourbon Country in Kentucky, where it was first produced in 1789 by a Baptist minister.

6: Coming back to Bourbon,It is the official spirit of the United states of america,by an act of the US Congress.

7: The word’toast’-which means a wish of good health,started in ancient Rome, where toasted bread was dropped in the wine.

8: The early church declared that alcohol was an inherently good gift of God to be used and enjoyed.

9: During Prohibition,temperance activists hired a scholar to rewrite the Bible by removing all references to alcohol.

10: Ancient Viking warriors used the skull of their enemies defeated in battle as drinking vessels.

those are some information about alcohol we drink in our daily life respound on this so that i may come to know more about
the information on other thing around us so i may put on the site next time

Around the World on NEW YEAR’S EVE

 

EVERY COUNTRY HAS ITS OWN TRADITION STYLES OF CELEBRATING THE EVENING OF DECEMBER  31,AND USHERING IN THE NEW YEAR. HERE SOME OF THE STYLES OF PEOPLE OF USHERING IN THE NEW YEAR AROUND THE GLOBE.

SCOTLAND:

                      The New year in Scotland is called HAGMANAY. The people in Scotland follow a ritual wherein one can find barrels of tar set afire and gradually rolled down the streets in the village of areas in Scotland. The ritual symbolizes that the old year is burnt and the new year is going to began.

GREECE:

                The Greek children leaves their shoes by the fire side on New Year’s Day(also the Festival of Saint Basil in Greece) with the hope that he will come and fill their shoes with gifts.

MEXICO:

                 In Venezuela,Argentina,Bolivia and Mexico those with hopes of traveling in the New Year carry a suitcase around the house at mid night. Some even carry it around the block to ensure traveling at greater distances.

CHINA:

             The Chinese believe that there are evil spirits that roam the earth and they accordingly burn crackers to scare the evil spirits. The doors and windows of every Chinese homes are sealed with paper to keep the evil demons out.Some people also wear in a new pair of slippers that is bought before the new year , because it means to step on the people who gossip about you.

USA:

        Many parts of the US ring in the New Year by eating black-eyed peas accompanied by wither hog jowls or ham as they are considered good luck in many cultures around the US.

SPAIN:

             The Spanish eat 12 grapes as the stroke of midnight on New Year’s Eve. This peculiar ritual originated in the twentieth century when freak weather conditions resulted in an unseasonable bumper harvest of grapes. Left with so many grapes at Christmas time, the king of Span then came up with the idea of the New Year ritual.

COLUMBIA:

                      In Columbia,Cuba and Puerto Rico families stuff a life-size male doll and dress it up on old clothes from-each family member. At the Stoke of midnight,this ‘Mr Old Year’ is set on fire with the simple belief that burning a stuffed doll will so away with all the past grief and bring in happiness in the coming year.

JAPAN:

             On the New Year Eve, the Japanese eat a bowl of buckwheat noodles called “TOSHIKOSHISOBA”(year-crossing noodles) and listen for the sound of the Buddhist temple bells, which were rung 108 times at midnight. The sound of these bells is said to cleanse the listeners of the 108 sins or evil passion that plague every

Cure For HIV/AIDS

HIV Treatment and Antiretroviral drug.
There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known methods of prevention are based on avoiding exposure to the virus or, failing that, an antiretroviral treatment directly after a highly significant exposure, called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).PEP has a very demanding four week schedule of dosage. It also has very unpleasant side effects including diarrhea, malaise, nausea and fatigue.
The chemical structure of Abacavir
Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART.This has been highly beneficial to many HIV-infected individuals since its introduction in 1996 when the protease inhibitor-based HAART initially became available. Current optimal HAART options consist of combinations (or “cocktails”) consisting of at least three drugs belonging to at least two types, or “classes,” of anti-retroviral agents. Typical regimens consist of two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) plus either a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Because HIV disease progression in children is more rapid than in adults, and laboratory parameters are less predictive of risk for disease progression, particularly for young infants, treatment recommendations are more aggressive for children than for adults. In developed countries where HAART is available, doctors assess the viral load, rapidity in CD4 decline, and patient readiness while deciding when to recommend initiating treatment.
HAART allows the stabilization of the patient’s symptoms and viremia, but it neither cures the patient of HIV, nor alleviates the symptoms, and high levels of HIV-1, often HAART resistant, return once treatment is stopped.Moreover, it would take more than the lifetime of an individual to be cleared of HIV infection using HAART. Despite this, many HIV-infected individuals have experienced remarkable improvements in their general health and quality of life, which has led to the plummeting of HIV-associated morbidity and mortality.In the absence of HAART, progression from HIV infection to AIDS occurs at a median of between nine to ten years and the median survival time after developing AIDS is only 9.2 months. HAART is thought to increase survival time by between 4 and 12 years.This average reflects the fact that for some patients — and in many clinical cohorts this may be more than fifty percent of patients — HAART achieves far less than optimal results. This is due to a variety of reasons such as medication intolerance/side effects, prior ineffective antiretroviral therapy and infection with a drug-resistant strain of HIV. However, non-adherence and non-persistence with antiretroviral therapy is the major reason most individuals fail to get any benefit from and develop resistance to HAART.The reasons for non-adherence and non-persistence with HAART are varied and overlapping. Major psychosocial issues, such as poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, psychiatric disease and drug abuse contribute to non-adherence. The complexity of these HAART regimens, whether due to pill number, dosing frequency, meal restrictions or other issues along with side effects that create intentional non-adherence also has a weighty impact.The side effects include lipodystrophy, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, an increase in cardiovascular risks and birth defects.
Daily multivitamin and mineral supplements have been found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women. This could become an important low-cost intervention provided during early HIV disease to prolong the time before antiretroviral therapy is required.Some individual nutrients have also been tried.Anti-retroviral drugs are expensive, and the majority of the world’s infected individuals do not have access to medications and treatments for HIV and AIDS.It has been postulated that only a vaccine can halt the pandemic because a vaccine would possibly cost less, thus being affordable for developing countries, and would not require daily treatments.However, after over 20 years of research, HIV-1 remains a difficult target for a vaccine.
Research to improve current treatments includes decreasing side effects of current drugs, further simplifying drug regimens to improve adherence, and determining the best sequence of regimens to manage drug resistance. A number of studies have shown that measures to prevent opportunistic infections can be beneficial when treating patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is advised for patients who are not infected with these viruses and are at risk of becoming infected.Patients with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), and many patients may benefit from prophylactic therapy for toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus meningitis as well.
Various forms of alternative medicine have been used to treat symptoms or alter the course of the disease.In the first decade of the epidemic when no useful conventional treatment was available, a large number of people with AIDS experimented with alternative therapies. The definition of “alternative therapies” in AIDS has changed since that time. Then, the phrase often referred to community-driven treatments, untested by government or pharmaceutical company research, that some hoped would directly suppress the virus or stimulate immunity against it. Examples of alternative medicine that people hoped would improve their symptoms or their quality of life include massage, stress management, herbal and flower remedies such as boxwood,and acupuncture;when used with conventional treatment, many now refer to these as “complementary” approaches. Despite the widespread use of complementary and alternative medicine by people living with HIV/AIDS, the effectiveness of these therapies has not been established.

Information about AIDS/HIV

The Red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans,[1] and similar viruses in other species (SIV, FIV, etc.). The late stage of the condition leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus’ progression, there is no known cure. HIV, et al., are transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

Most researchers believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century; it is now a pandemic, with an estimated 38.6 million people and more now living with the disease worldwide. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on June 5, 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4–3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children. A third of these deaths are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and destroying human capital. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.HIV/AIDS stigma is more severe than that associated with other life-threatening conditions and extends beyond the disease itself to providers and even volunteers involved with the care of people living with HIV.